Manual of Rootstocks
Manual of Rootstocks
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250 rootstocks
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Apple rootstocks
98
Very-dwarf
9
Dwarf
38
M9 class
28
Dwarf intermediate
10
Semi-dwarf
20
M26 class
12
M7 class
8
Semi-vigorous
6
Vigorous
10
Standard
20
Asian pear rootstocks
5
Vigorous
1
Standard
6
European pear rootstocks
36
Dwarf
9
Semi-dwarf
4
Semi-vigorous
14
Vigorous
5
Standard
4
Cherry rootstocks
48
Dwarf
3
Semi-dwarf
10
Semi-vigorous
19
Vigorous
8
Standard
7
Stone fruit rootstocks
63
Semi-dwarf
6
Semi-vigorous
20
Vigorous
15
Standard
24
Medlar rootstocks
4
Semi-dwarf
1
Semi-vigorous
1
Vigorous
1
Standard
1
Quince rootstocks
12
Dwarf
9
Semi-dwarf
3
Using
Species compatibility
?
Apple
94
European pear
39
Asian pear
11
Japanese plum
27
Mirabelle
9
Sweet cherry
46
Sour cherry
27
European plum
30
Damson
12
Cherry plum
7
Apricot
22
Peach
47
Almond
13
Quince
12
Medlar
4
Vigour % of standard
?
10%
1
15%
4
20%
11
25%
17
30%
33
35%
31
40%
37
45%
22
50%
41
55%
34
60%
45
65%
33
70%
58
75%
40
80%
39
85%
27
90%
27
95%
11
100%
50
105%
25
110%
9
115%
3
120%
2
Growing
Rootstock size class
?
Very dwarf
9
Dwarf
44
Semi-dwarf
52
Semi-vigorous
61
Vigorous
39
Standard
55
Precocity
Precocious
108
Slow to start bearing
18
Support required
?
Free-standing
69
Temporary support
52
Permanent support
69
Climate
Cold-hardiness
Cold-hardy
115
Not cold-hardy
5
Cold hardiness (USDA)
(3) -40F / -40C
6
(4) -30F / -34C
23
(5) -20F / -29C
12
(6) -10F / -23C
6
(7) 0F / -18C
1
(8) 10F / -12C
2
Chill requirement
Low-chill
4
High-chill
1
Identification
Developer
Agricultural Research Centre of Gembloux
1
Bright’s Nursery
2
Daybreak Nursery
4
Clemson University
1
Consortium Deutscher Baumschulen
1
Cornell University
12
East Malling Research Station
30
Fruit and Fruit Technology Research Institute, Stellenbosch
3
Geisenheim Research Institute
2
Gisela Inc.
4
INRA
17
John Innes Horticultural Institute
6
Krymsk Experimental Plant Breeding Station
5
Long Ashton Research Station
5
Michigan State University
1
Michurinsk State Agrarian University
6
Nagano Fruit Tree Experiment Station
1
NAKB
1
Oregon State University
7
Pillnitz Research Station
3
Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology, Holovousy
3
Research Institute of Pomology, Skierniewice
3
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
1
Technical University of Munich
7
USDA ARS
11
University of California Davis Plant Breeding Center
13
University of Bologna
5
University of Florida
1
Zaiger Genetics
3
Country of origin
Australia
2
Belgium
4
Canada
17
China
2
Czech Republic
6
Finland
1
France
23
Germany
23
Hungary
5
Iran
1
Italy
8
Japan
5
Latvia
1
Netherlands
5
Poland
6
Romania
4
Russia
16
South Africa
4
Spain
2
Sweden
2
United Kingdom
32
United States
59
Period of origin
1750 - 1799
1
1800 - 1849
3
1850 - 1899
6
1900 - 1949
20
1950 - 1999
40
2000
21
Problems
Virus tolerance
Very tolerant
2
Some tolerance
6
Some susceptibility
5
Very susceptible
3
Woolly aphid
Very resistant
10
Some resistance
31
Some susceptibility
29
Very susceptible
7
Phytophthora
Very resistant
2
Some resistance
25
Some susceptibility
27
Very susceptible
5
Bacterial canker
Some resistance
24
Some susceptibility
22
Very susceptible
13
Dagger nematode
Some resistance
5
Some susceptibility
9
Fire blight
Very resistant
8
Some resistance
38
Some susceptibility
24
Very susceptible
22
Powdery mildew
Very resistant
2
Some resistance
17
Some susceptibility
12
Scab
Very resistant
5
Some resistance
8
Some susceptibility
2
Root knot nematode
Very resistant
6
Some resistance
31
Some susceptibility
17
Very susceptible
1
Ring nematode
Some resistance
14
Some susceptibility
25
Very susceptible
4
Root lesion nematode
Very resistant
2
Some resistance
23
Some susceptibility
23
Very susceptible
1
Honey / Oak root fungus
Some resistance
17
Some susceptibility
26
Very susceptible
5
PTSL
Very resistant
1
Some resistance
3
Some susceptibility
7
Very susceptible
2
Burr knots
None
3
Few
24
Some
14
Lots
4
Collar rot
Very resistant
2
Some resistance
46
Some susceptibility
18
Very susceptible
4
Crown Gall
Very resistant
3
Some resistance
31
Some susceptibility
35
Very susceptible
9
Crown rot
Very resistant
5
Some resistance
40
Some susceptibility
19
Very susceptible
3
Replant complex
Very tolerant
4
Some tolerance
36
Some susceptibility
9
Very susceptible
2
Root suckers
None
11
Few
62
Some
30
Many
25
Plum Brownline
Some resistance
2
Some susceptibility
3
Plum pox virus / Sharka
Very resistant
1
Some resistance
1
Some susceptibility
4
Very susceptible
7
Verticillium Wilt (Blackheart)
Some resistance
13
Some susceptibility
7
Very susceptible
4
Tomato Ringspot Virus
Some resistance
1
Some susceptibility
1
Rootstocks list
Semi-vigorous
Adaptabil
Adaptabil is a semi-vigorous rootstock, compatible with apricots, peaches, and most plums.
Standard
Adara
Adara is often used as an interstem in sweet cherries in Spain to overcome incompatibility problems. It also performs well in calcareous soil.
Semi-dwarf
Alnarp 2
A trial rootstock comparison planting in 1939, using ‘M.9 EMLA’, ‘M.4 EMLA’ and ‘M.13 EMLA’, showed after 10 years that all varieties on ‘Alnarp 2’ were larger than on any of the Malling stocks.
Standard
Anis
Malus anis is a northern European introduction. It is said to be the preferred rootstock in Finland.
Standard
Antonovka
Antonovka is a rootstock that can be produced from seed. It is cold hardy as far north as Alaska. The tree has been known to live up to 100 years.
Semi-vigorous
Apricor
Apricor is a semi-vigorous rootstock, primarily for apricots, developed from a Myrobalan seedling.
Semi-dwarf
AR 86–1–20
AR 86-1-20’ has similar vigor and performance to ‘MM.106’, but with the additional advantage of much improved resistance to Collar Rot disease.
Standard
Atlas
®
Atlas is a very vigorous standard rootstock for peaches.
Semi-dwarf
BA-29C
A semi-vigorous precocious high-yielding quince rootstock, compatible with many but not all European pears, derived from a Provence quince.
Vigorous
Bailey
Bailey is a traditional standard rootstock for peaches, originating from Iowa in the 1890s.
Standard
BB 106
TM
BB 106 is compatible with almond, peach, European and Japanese plum and apricot. It entered almond trials in 2004.
Semi-vigorous
Beautiful Arcade
Beautiful Arcade tree are about 80% of standard. If one is willing to deal with the height and vigor, it can be a good rootstock and was once used extensively in Nova Scotia.
Semi-dwarf
Bemali
Bemali is moderately resistant to Fire Blight and appears well anchored. It is hardier than ‘M.9’.
Standard
Bittenfelder
Bittenfelder is vigorous and compatible with many cultivars. It produces uniform stands.
Semi-vigorous
BM 2000
BM 2000 is described as having reduced vigor compared to D6 with both Williams and Packham scions.
Vigorous
Bogdany
Bogdany is a selection within Mahaleb for sweet cherries. Needs to be checked for cultivar compatibility.
Standard
Borowinka
Better than ‘Antonovka’ in wet soils. It is hardy to Zone 3.
Semi-vigorous
BP1
BP 1 is a semi dwarfing rootstock recommended for vigorous and bi-color cultivars of European pears as well as Asian pears. It has no known compatibility issues.
Vigorous
BP2
With BP 2 avoid wet soils. It is susceptible to Phytophthora and Pseudomonas and less productive than ‘BP 1’ or ‘BP 3’.
Standard
BP3
. In Australia, ‘BP 3’ proved more vigorous than the standard seedling rootstock There, it is precocious with high production, wide adaptation, and works well on low potential soils. It tolerates both cold and warm climates.
Standard
Bright's Hybrid #5
Bright's Hybrid #5 is a peach x almond standard rootstock, suitable for producing full size peach and almond trees.
Standard
Brompton
Brompton or Myrobalan B is a Prunus cerasifera clone used as a very vigorous rootstock for plum, peach, and apricot, developed at East Malling Research Station in the 1920s.
Dwarf
Bud 10
B.10 rootstock compares favorably to G.935 and M.9-T337 in British Columbia, Canada trials. It also had fewer root suckers than M.9-T337.
Vigorous
Bud 118
B.118 is hardy to -28 degrees F, tolerates cold and wet soils and is moderately productive.
Dwarf
Bud 146
B.146 rootstock was tested in Estonia and found to be more cold hardy there than M.9. It is a vigorous grower in the right conditions.
Semi-dwarf
Bud 396
B.396 has had limited trials, but shows resistance to Fire Blight and good yield efficiency.
Very-dwarf
Bud 469
An extremely dwarfing cold-hardy rootstock in the M27 class, mainly used as an interstem.
Very-dwarf
Bud 491
‘B.491’ was evaluated in the NC-140 1994 rootstock trial at 18 locations with the scion cultivar ‘Gala’. At most locations tree survival was good and was only 30%-50% as large as ‘B.9’ and yield efficiency was often slightly lower than trees on ‘B.9’.” 32
Dwarf
Bud 9
Bud.9 induces early fruiting and is compatible with most cultivars, needs well drained soils, grows a dense, heavy flowered tree, and has high yield efficiency. B.9 works well in high density planting.
Semi-vigorous
CAB-11E
In a Hungarian high-density planting trial in a hot, dry, low precipitation climate, ‘CAB-11E’ was very productive, had moderate vigor and size, had good yield efficiency, good fruit size and a tendency to a more spreading canopy.
Semi-vigorous
CAB-6P
CAB-6P is particularly recommended for use in heavy soil. It has good anchorage, is cold hardy and is extremely resistant to drought.
Standard
Cadaman
®
Cadaman is compatible with all varieties of peaches, nectarines, plums and some almonds.It displays earlier maturity, mainly in precocious varieties.It tends to larger fruit size with better color.
Standard
Cadaman
®
Cadaman tends to larger fruit size and better color with a high yield efficiency, better than ‘Nemaguard’ and ‘Lovell’. It has moderate to good anchorage, depending on soil type.
Semi-vigorous
Citation
®
Citation is a semi-vigorous hybrid rootstock, compatible with apricot and plum, and possibly peaches.
Semi-dwarf
CIVP 21
CIVP 21 is in the M.9 to M.26 height range. It is a very rapid grower in the first two years after planting and favors the sprouting of many lateral branches with an open angle that need not be bent. Production begins very soon.
Vigorous
Colt
Colt was one of the first dwarfing rootstocks for sweet cherries, up to 25% less vigorous than Mazzard.
Standard
Columbia Crab
Columbia crab is somewhat susceptible to crown rot. It can be used as an interstem and in bridge grafting.
Semi-vigorous
Compact Mahaleb
TM
Compact Mahaleb is productive, has better uniformity than ‘Mahaleb’ seedling and induces slightly earlier fruiting of sweet cherry scions compared to Mahaleb seedling.
Vigorous
Compass
Compass has some resistance to Bacterial Canker and Root Knot Nematode.
Semi-vigorous
Controller 5
®
Controller 5 is semi-dwarf, precocious and has good anchorage.
Semi-vigorous
Controller 6
®
Controller 6 causes a substantial reduction in tree size without reducing fruit size. It is compatible with peach and nectarine. It is productive and has fewer root suckers than Nemaguard.
Semi-vigorous
Controller 7
®
Contoller 7 offers modest size-control and trees have excellent production characteristics.
Semi-vigorous
Controller 8
®
Controller 8 is compatible with peach and nectarine. It has good anchorage and requires less pruning than Nemaguard.
Vigorous
Controller 9
®
Conroller 9 is slightly less vigorous than ‘Nemaguard’, but with less water sprouts. It has unknown tolerance to waterlogging, calcareous soils and drought, good anchorage and is precocious, but not cold hardy.
Vigorous
Controller 9.5
®
Controller 9.5 has resistance to Root Knot Nematode similar to ‘Nemaguard’ and more resistant than ‘Lovell’.
Standard
Cornerstone
TM
Cornerstone is compatible with almonds, but its compatibility with all peaches and nectarines is to be determined.
Dwarf
CQ 132
CQ 132 is a quince rootstock for European pears, similar to Quince C.
Dwarf
CQ 134
CQ 134 is a quince rootstock for European pears, similar to Quince C.
Semi-vigorous
Crataegus monogyna
Crataegus monogyna, a species of hawthorn, can be used as a semi-vigorous rootstock for Medlar trees.
Vigorous
D6
D6 is a common rootstock in Australia that is vigorous and crops heavily producing large, high quality fruit, but it is slower to bear, especially if pruned hard in the early years.
Semi-vigorous
Damas
Damas 1869 is compatible with peach and nectarine. It has good anchorage, productivity, and smaller fruit size. It may intensify color and is frost hardy.
Semi-vigorous
Damil
®
‘Damil®’ was developed for higher density orchards. ‘Damil®’ has been successfully grafted with more than 160 varieties.
Standard
Dolgo
Malus dolgo is resistant to Fire Blight and shows immunity to Apple Scab.
Standard
Domestica
Domestica is slow to bear, is disease susceptible and grows up to 40 feet.
Standard
Empyrean 1
Empyrean is larger than Lovell. It works best with almonds, is compatible with peach and nectarine, some plums and some apricots.
Semi-vigorous
Ergevar
‘Egervar’ is compatible with sweet and sour cherries. ‘Egervar’ is propagated by leafy cuttings. This un-grafted ‘Mahaleb’ selection is a spur-type with medium growth vigor, precocious and productive.
Dwarf
Fleuren 56
M.9 Fleuren 56 is one of the less vigorous M.9 clones.
Standard
Flordaguard
Flordaguard is a standard peach rootstock, recommended for low-chill climates, compatible with peach and plum.
Semi-vigorous
Fox 11
Fox 11 needs staking in early years until well established. Once established, it has good anchorage with good productivity.
Semi-vigorous
Fox 16
Fox 16 imparts vigor that is slightly greater than Quince BA-29C and has drought tolerance. Fox 16 is less tolerant of high soil alkalinity than Fox 11.
Semi-vigorous
Fox 9
In Italian trials in 2002 and 2004, Fox 9 showed a slightly higher vigor and yield performance compared to Quince BA-29C with good fruit quality.
Dwarf
G.11
G.11 Is vigorous, early bearing, very productive and precocious. It has good fruit size. It is one of the early introductions from the Cornell University/USDA program.
Dwarf
G.16
When grafting this rootstock, be sure to use clean scion wood as G.16 is very susceptible latent apple viruses. It does exhibit resistance to Crown Rot.
Semi-dwarf
G.202
‘G.202’ is a semi-dwarfing rootstock that produces a tree slightly larger than ‘M.26’, but is not as productive as ‘G.935’. It tolerates most soils.
Semi-dwarf
G.210
G.210 is intended to be used with processing or weak scion cultivars. It has a good resistance package.
Dwarf
G.214
G.214 grows a flatter and more spreading tree with good resistance levels to common pests and diseases.
Semi-dwarf
G.222
G.222 rootstock is similar to M.9 in productivity, in vigor to M.7 but with greater precocity and productivity.
Semi-dwarf
G.30
G.30 is moderately productive, can be thorny and is suscecptible to the common latent viruses.
Dwarf
G.41
G.41 is a good rootstock for less vigorous apple varieties, but does need support. In trials in British Columbia, Canada, it had fewer root suckers than M.9.
Very-dwarf
G.65
G.65 is a good choice for container gardening. It is early bearing, productive and moderately resistant to Fireblight.
Semi-dwarf
G.890
G.890 is M.7’ size with vigor between ‘M.7’ and ‘MM.106’ and with higher and earlier production.
Semi-dwarf
G.935
It is apparent that with ‘G.935’, fruit size is a function of fruit numbers, but when the appropriate fruit-to-leaf relationship is established, fruit size on ‘G.935’ is similar to reasonably cropped ‘M.9’ clones.
Semi-dwarf
G.969
Trials with G.969 rootstock indicate that it is somewhat larger on the east coast of the United Staes than on the west coast. It is resistant to a variety of pests and diseases.
Semi-vigorous
GF-305
GF-305 is not cold hardy, it is Intolerant of alkaline soils, but has fair tolerance to heavy, wet soils.
Semi-vigorous
GF-655/2
GF-6552 is compatible with apricot, peach, nectarine and suitable for plum. It has good tolerance to waterlogging and calcareous soil.
Standard
GF-677
Semi-vigorous
Gisela 12
®
‘Gisela® 12’ tree structure is open, spreading and stocky with flat branch angles. ‘Gisela® 12’ has wide soil adaptability, does well on heavy soils and has slight tolerance to wet soil.
Semi-dwarf
Gisela 3
®
Gisela 3 is compatible with sweet and sour cherries. This rootstock promotes vigorous growth the first year or two and then slows once fruiting starts.
Semi-dwarf
Gisela 5
®
‘Gisela® 5’ produces a tree about 3m tall after five years or so; roughly equivalent to the apple ‘M.26’ rootstock. ‘Gisela® 5’ produces trees that are open and spreading with wide branch angles, but branching may be sparse.
Semi-dwarf
Gisela 7
®
‘Gisela® 7’ bears heavily and is well anchored, but support is suggested. Hypersensitive to PNRSV and PDV.
Semi-vigorous
Gisela® 6
®
'Gisela® 6’ has medium-high vigor and produces a slightly larger tree than ‘Gisela® 5’, Trees are open and spreading with good branching. Although it prefers fertile soil, it is much less fussy than ‘Gisela® 5’ about soil conditions, even heavy soils; but good drainage is essential.
Standard
Guardian
Guardian is a popular standard rootstock for peaches, the first with resistance to PTSL.
Standard
Halford
Halford is a traditional standard peach rootstock, in use since the 1920s in California.
Semi-vigorous
Hansen 2168
Hansen 2168 is deep rooted. It is a product of the University of Califormia Davis Plant Breeding Center.
Standard
Hansen 536
Hansen 536 is a hybrid peach-almond standard rootstock. Best suited to low-chill climates.
Vigorous
Hiawatha
Hiawatha is compatible with peach. It was bred in South Dakota to tolerate the prairie states’ winters.
Standard
Hibernal
Hibernal needs support otherwise branches can split longitudinally and trunks split as well.
Standard
Higama
Higama is productive, has fair tolerance to heavy, wet soils, but is intolerant of alkaline soils nor is it cold hardy.
Semi-vigorous
Horner 10
In Oregon trials, Horner 10 produced good yields and fruit size compared with OHxF 97.
Vigorous
Horner 4
Horner 4 is a vigorous rootstock that produces large fruit.
Semi-vigorous
Ishtara
®
Ishtara is compatible with peach, plum. almond and nectarine. Young trees need to be supported.
Semi-vigorous
Jaspi
TM
Jaspi is a semi-vigorous rootstock for European and Japanese plums and apricots, quite similar to St. Julien A
Dwarf
JM-1
JM-1 rootstock shows resistance to some viruses and has similar precocity to M.9EMLA.
Very-dwarf
JM-5
JM-5 rootstock showed a cumaltive yield that was higher than M.9EMLA or M.26EMLA in trials, but needs more testing.
Dwarf
JM-7
JM-7 in trials in Japan had similar precocity to M.9EMLA and showed resistance to some viruses.
Dwarf
JM-8
JM-8 on 'Fuji' had similar precocity to M.9EMLA.
Semi-dwarf
Jork 9
Jork 9 rootstock exhibits a tree with good branching and fruiting. It is less vigorous than M.9.
Dwarf
J-TE-E
J-TE-E is easier to propagate than M.9 with similar vigor.
Dwarf
J-TE-F
J-TE-F is a problematic rootstock. It needs irrigation, has abundant suckers and is not easily propagated.
Very-dwarf
J-TE-G
J-TE-G showed well in trials in British Columbia, Canada and is easily propagated.
Dwarf
J-TE-H
After 5 years in the 2003 NC-140 trials, trees on ‘J-TE-H’ had excellent survival, were slightly larger than trees on ‘M.26 EMLA’,
Semi-vigorous
Julior
Julior induces vigor and pruning weights equal to ‘Myrobalan 29C’ with excellent anchorage. It flowers late with high production, but is not cold hardy.
Standard
Kirchensaller
Kirchensaller is a clonal selection of Pyrus communis, compatible with all European pears. Mature trees on Kirchensaller can produce a ton of fruit, and are very long-lived.
Semi-dwarf
Krymsk 1
®
A popular modern semi-dwarf rootstock, compatible with many apricot, peach and nectarine varieties, as well as Japanese plums, European plums, damson, and mirabelles.
Semi-vigorous
Krymsk 5
®
Krymsk 5 is compatible with both sweet and sour cherries. The tree has wide branch angles and a smooth graft union. ‘Krymsk® 5’ is adapted to a wide range of soil types, with reports showing it will grow well in heavier soils than ‘Mazzard’. Well adapted to cold climates. Fruit sizes well.
Semi-vigorous
Krymsk 6
®
Krymsk 6 has wide crotch angles, a smooth graft union and an improved root system. It is precocious with high yield. It works well with low productive varieties with proper management.
Semi-vigorous
Krymsk 7
®
Krymsk 7 grows quickly in hotter climates with the first harvest in the 3rd or 4th year with good fruit size and firmness.
Vigorous
Krymsk 86
®
Krymsk 86 is a vigorous rootstock compatible with most stone fruits, including almonds, peaches, plums (Japanese and European), nectarines and apricots.
Standard
KV 010-123
KV 010-123 has good compatibility with peach and nectarine with standard vigor. It is cold hardy, but still in trials.
Standard
KV 010-127
KV 010-127 has good compatibility with peach and nectarine with standard vigor. It is slightly dwarfing with good fruit size. It is still in trials.
Standard
Lovell
Lovell is the traditional benchmark rootstock for peaches and plums, and also compatible with almonds and apricots. It was introduced in California in the 1890s.
Vigorous
M11
M.11 is less hardy than ‘Antonovka’, ‘Hibernal’, and ‘Robusta 5’.
Semi-dwarf
M116
M.116 rootstock has much improved resistance to Collar Rot than MM.106, but with the same productivity level.
Standard
M12
M.12 has good anchorage with moderate susceptibility to Fire Blight.
Standard
M13
M.13 has a shallow spreading root system. It grows well where a hardpan soil prevents deep root penetration or where high-water tables prevail for certain periods.
Vigorous
M2
M.2 produces a tree that is strong, crops well and does not have collar rot problems. It is tolerant of poor ground, dry and infertile soil with poor tolerance to waterlogged soil.
Standard
M25
M.25 is best known for its ability to withstand wet and windy conditions. It is a good rootstock for cider apples.
Standard
M25 EMLA
M.25EMLA works well with certain spur-type 'Red Delicious' varieties that tend to runt out (slow down) on domestic seedlings.
Semi-dwarf
M26
M.26 rootstock varies in vigor depending on location. It is not as productive as some of the M.9 clones.
Semi-dwarf
M26 EMLA
M.26EMLA bears early and does not tolerate highly acid soils.
Very-dwarf
M27
M.27EMLA is good for containers and small space gardens. It can be grown on a vertical axe system and is very productive, but needs well drained and fertile soils.
Vigorous
M4
In an Indian rootstock trial, trees on ‘M.4’, ‘MM.106’ and ‘MM.111’ were all about the same size. It is cold tolerant and has been used as an understock for interstem trees in cold climates.
Vigorous
M40
M40 is compatible with many prunes, apricots and Japanese plums. Its almond compatibility is similar to ‘Marianna 26-24’ and is incompatible with peaches, nectarines and some almond varieties.
Semi-dwarf
M7
M.7 is a freestanding tree if planted in deep, well-drained soils. It is not compatible with modern high-density planting systems.
Semi-dwarf
M7 EMLA
M.7 EMLA is a freestanding tree if planted in deep, well-drained soils. It is not compatible with modern high-density planting systems.
Standard
M793
M.793 is a hybrid with 'Northern Spy' as one parent. It outperforms 'Northern Spy' rootstock in many categories. It is virus free.
Dwarf
M8
M.8 is smaller than ‘M.9’ but its roots are not as brittle. It needs ssupport and is about as hardy as ‘Alnarp 2’.
Dwarf
M9
Developed at the famous East Malling Research Center in England, M.9 was the first dwarfing apple rootstock and remains the benchmark in this size class.
Dwarf
M9 EMLA
M.9EMLA is approximately 25& to 30% more vigorous than M.9. It works well in high density plantings.
Dwarf
M9 Nagano
M.9 Nagano is recommended for planting in Japan and is slightly smaller than other M.9 clones.
Dwarf
M9 Nic29
®
M.9 Nic 29 has a more expansive and less brittle root system leading to greater survival rates of newly planted trees.
Dwarf
M9 Pajam 1
®
Pajam 1 has had limited testing in North America. V or Super Slender Spindle growing systems may work best with this rootstock.
Dwarf
M9 Pajam2
®
M.9 Pajam2 is 10% more vigorous than M.9. Some growing trials indicate better fruit coloring, size and earlier maturity.
Dwarf
M9-T337
M.9-T337 is the current dominant strain used commercially in the M9 class. It is virus free. Some say that mice like this tree.
Vigorous
Magyar
Magyar is 60% of standard. The yield efficiency on this rootstock is increased by 15%-30% compared to the trees on “Mazzard’.
Standard
Mahaleb
Mahaleb’ is best suited to deep, well-drained loams and sands as well as the calcareous soils typical of Spain and southern Italy.
Standard
Malus baccata
Malus baccata is prone to send up suckers from the base of the trunk and from roots. It is cold hardy to USDA Zone 1.
Standard
Malus fusca
Malus fusca as a rootstock grows very well on wet sites, but produces many suckers.
Standard
Malus prunifolia
Malus prunifolia has been noted as resistant to Fire Blight. It shows immunity to apple scab, and apparently is less attractive to vole predation.
Vigorous
Marianna 26-24
Marianna 26-24 is a vigorous hybrid rootstock, compatible with apricots and plums.
Vigorous
Marianna GF 8-1
Marianna GF 8-1 is a standard rootstock for plums and apricots, developed in France.
Vigorous
Maridon
Maridon is a vigorous rootstock for European and Japanese plums, developed from a Marianna seedling.
Standard
Marielle
TM
Dwarf
Mark
Mark is similar to M.9-T337 in vigor, slightly larger on heavy soils and drastically smaller on light soils. It is very drought sensitive.
Semi-vigorous
Marubakaido
Marubakaido is adapted to wet summers, cold winters, deep snow falls and typhoon winds. Because of its seedlin gnature, its precociousness is a consideration for anyone considering this tree.
Standard
Mazzard
Growers in the Pacific Northwest have long planted ‘Mazzard’ rootstock. It is well adapted to Pacific Northwest soils and cold hardy to -300F. In addition, due to its high vigor and moderate productivity, premium fruit quality can be obtained with only moderate inputs in pruning and management
Standard
Mazzard F12/1
‘Mazzard F.12/1’ is compatible with many sweet and sour cherries. It is moderately tolerant of wet ground, but does not tolerate extremely wet ground; moderate to good tolerance of infertile soil and grassed orchards. It can be grown under a wider range of conditions than ‘Mazzard’.
Semi-dwarf
MM102
At one time, MM.102 was a popular rootstock in Tasmania. It is Woolly Apple Aphid resistant with good anchorage.
Semi-vigorous
MM106
MM.106 This well-anchored, drought-tolerant rootstock does well in loam or sandy loam soil. Needs good drainage. Can bear heavily.
Vigorous
MM109
Despite MM.109's tendency to lean, it has been found to tolerate low to medium soil fertility in warmer places such as South Africa.
Vigorous
MM111
In Greece, MM.111 has an advantage over ‘MM.106’ in its resistance to Phytophthora. In South Africa, it is noted for its upright growth and is more drought resistant.
Vigorous
MM111 EMLA
MM.111 is 75 -85% of standard. It is an outstanding choice for spur- type varieties depending on soil conditions.
Semi-vigorous
Monrepos
Monrepos was developed for sweet cherry in Spain and other Mediterranean countries. It is vigorous, has good adaptation to calcareous and heavy soils with high lime content, high productivity, and good anchorage.
Semi-vigorous
Montclar
®
Montclar is a semi-vigorous cold-hardy long-lived Prunus persica rootstock for peaches, plums, and almonds, and some apricots.
Semi-vigorous
MP-29
MP-29 is an Oak Root resistant rootstock bred for the Southeast United States.
Vigorous
MxM 14
®
MxM® 14’ grows more vigorously in the rich soils of the Pacific Northwest of the United States than in calcareous soils. It does not tolerate wet soils.
Standard
MxM 2
®
MxM 2 is moderately precocious. It adapts well to a wide range of soils and is considered the best rootstock for heavy, shallow soils and performs better than ‘Mazzard’ in clay soils.
Standard
MxM 60
®
MxM 60 has similar hardiness to ‘Mahaleb’., is more productive than ‘Mazzard’ for sweet cherries. less productive than ‘Mahaleb’ for ‘Montmorency’ (more than ‘Mazzard’).
Semi-dwarf
MxM 97
®
In a Hungarian high-density planting trial in a hot, dry, low precipitation climate, on light sandy soils, pH7.7 and 2.5% lime, ‘MxM® 97’ was the smallest tree.
Semi-vigorous
Myran
Observations in Israel indicate Myran has better fruit size and color than varieties grafted on ‘GF-677’ rootstock.
Vigorous
Myrobalan
Myrobalan is Prunus cerasifera seedling which can be used as a standard rootstock for plums.
Vigorous
Myrobalan 29C
29C is a standard rootstock for plums and apricots, selected from a Myrobalan seedling and introduced in the 1920s.
Semi-vigorous
Myruni
Myruni is compatible with plum. Myruni has good fruit size and does not sucker.
Standard
Nemaguard
Nemaguard is the most-widely used and widely compatible standard class rootstock for peaches and almonds, also compatible with with Japanese and European plums, and apricots.
Standard
Nemared
Nemared is compatible with peaches, nectarines, plums, prunes, almonds and apricots. It grows best in well-drained, sandy soils.
Standard
Nickels
Nickels is a standard rootstock for peach, almond, and apricot, derived from Nemaguard.
Standard
Northern Spy
Trees on ‘Northern Spy’ tend to be shallow rooted and will often develop a one-sided root system. It prefers good soil conditions.
Vigorous
OHxF 217
OHxF 217 semi-vigorous with good production and high yield efficiency.
Semi-vigorous
OHxF 333
OHxF 333 tends to produce smaller fruit, but is considered equal to or superior than Quince BA 29C and is similar to BP1.
Semi-vigorous
OHxF 40
In the 2002- 2010 Pacific Northwest Pear Rootstock Trial, OHxF did not perform as well as OHxF 87. However, in Greece, OHxF 40 rootstock appears to be the most suitable of the OHxF series.
Semi-vigorous
OHxF 51
OHxF 51 is the least hardy of this series. It has moderately good production, poor yield efficiency, moderately precocious and good anchorage.
Semi-vigorous
OHxF 513
OHxF 513 is precocious, iron chlorosis tolerant, grows well in most soils and is well anchored.
Semi-vigorous
OHxF 69
OHxF 69 is tolerant of iron chlorosis ans wet soils. It has good anchorage with high vigor; moderately high precocity and yield efficiency.
Semi-vigorous
OHxF 87
®
OHxF 87 is one of the best producing rootstocks of the OHxF series and was selected for this reason. It can set fruit early and bear heavily.
Vigorous
OHxF 97
OHxF 97 is a vigorous, semi-dwarfing pear rootstock that works well with vigorous cultivars. It is tolerant of wet soils and iron chlorosis.
Standard
Okinawa
Okinawa is now mostly used as a parent in hybrid rootstocks.
Dwarf
Ottawa 3
Use the ‘O.3’ with weak varieties such as ‘Delicious’, ‘Jonamac’, ‘Empire’, ‘Idared’ and ‘Honeycrisp’ or with weak soils or on replant soils.
Dwarf
Ottawa 3A
Ottawa 3A as compared to ‘O.3’; shows increased precocity, higher cumulative yield efficiency, and wider branch angles.
Dwarf
Ottawa 8
Ottawa 8 is moderately susceptible to Woolly Apple Aphid. Ottawa 8 is still undergoing trials.
Very-dwarf
P.16
P.16 rootstock is smaller than M.9 but with less brittle roots. It also works as an interstem.
Vigorous
P.18
Early observation may indicate that P.18 will out perform MM.111 in wet or heavier soils.
Very-dwarf
P.2
The P-2 rootstock shows resistance to European canker, perennial canker and silver leaf, but is variable in disease and pest susceptibility.
Very-dwarf
P.22
The major benefit of P.22 may be as an interstem piece or for home gardeners looking for very small trees.
Semi-vigorous
Performer
TM
Performer induces slightly earlier fruiting of sweet cherry scions compared to ‘Mahaleb’ seedling. It has good productivity, increased yield efficiency, precocity, and earlier high yields with ‘Bing’. It's fruit size is comparable or greater than standard ‘Mahaleb’.
Semi-vigorous
P-HL-A
®
P-HL-A Induces very early fruiting and high yields. It is suitable for higher density orchards and slender spindle systems. Anchorage is poor, so trees must be supported. The life cycle of the orchard is 20 to 25 years.
Vigorous
P-HL-B
®
P-HL-B induces very early fruiting and high yields. Anchorage is very good and the life cycle of the orchard is 25 to 30 years.
Semi-dwarf
P-HL-C
®
P-HL-C requires careful irrigation, soil and canopy management to maintain constant, high yields. It induces early fruiting with a high yield efficiency and good fruit quality.
Semi-vigorous
PIKU 1
®
Recommended in Italy for semi- dwarfing rootstocks. Induces earlier fruiting of sweet cherry scions compared to ‘Mazzard’ with good, consistent cropping thereafter.
Vigorous
PIKU 3
®
The most important advantages of this vigorous rootstock are regularly high yields over many years. It is well-anchored, with a few suckers.
Semi-vigorous
PIKU 4
®
PIKU 4 induces earlier fruiting of sweet cherry scions compared to ‘Mazzard’ with very good productivity.
Semi-dwarf
Pixy
Pixy is a plum rootstock that requires support for the first four to five years. It can be grown as a hedge.
Semi-dwarf
Plumina
®
Plumina is a semi-dwarf hybrid plum rootstock, compatible with European plums.
Semi-dwarf
Pumiselect
Pumiselect is a semi-dwarf rootstock compatible with peach, apricot, and some plums.
Dwarf
Pure 1
Pure 1 is a red leafed, open pollinated selection from B.9. It performs similarly to B.9 and M.9.
Semi-dwarf
Pyriam
Pyriam is a clonal rootstock developed through open pollination of the Old Home pear variety.
Semi-vigorous
Pyro 2-33
Pyro 2-33 is a semi-vigorous rootstock for European pears.
Semi-vigorous
Pyrodwarf
Pyrodwarf is a popular vigorous rootstock developed from Old Home x Louise Bonne pear varieties.
Standard
Pyrus betulifolia
Pyrus betufolia rootstock is tolerant of a wide range of soil conditions, including wet and dry. It shows very good compatibility. It is sensitive to lime induced chlorosis.
Standard
Pyrus calleryana
Pyrus calleryana is a very vigorous, large tree that tolerates wet and dry soil, alkaline soil and heavy soil, but is moderately susceptible to iron chlorosis.
Standard
Pyrus communis
Pyrus communis Bartlett produces a well anchored, full sized tree. It is less vigorous than Winter Nelis and has variable productivity.
Standard
Pyrus pyrifolia
Pyrus pyrifolia is likely subject to Pear Decline, Black End, and is moderately resistant to Fire Blight.
Standard
Pyrus ussuriensis
Pyrus ussuriensis is compatible with Asian Pears. The growth habit is rounded and dense. Sensitive to both excessive and deficient soil moisture.
Semi-dwarf
Quince A
Derived from the Angers quince, Quince A is one of the first semi-dwarf rootstocks available for pears, developed at East Malling Research Station.
Semi-dwarf
Quince Adams
Derived from the Angers quince, Quince Adams has better compatibility with European pears than Quince A.
Dwarf
Quince C
One of the most widely used dwarfing rootstocks for European pears, Quince C was developed at the East Malling Research Station, and is the benchmark for its size class.
Dwarf
Quince Eline
Quince Eline is a dwarf rootstock for European pears, similar to Quince C but more productive.
Dwarf
Quince H
Quince H is a dwarf rootstock which improves over Quince C in many respects.
Dwarf
Quince Sydo
TM
Quince Sydo is a clone of the Angers quince, widely used in Europe.
Standard
Ranetka crab
Malus ranetka is not quite as hardy as M. baccata, but hardier than ‘Antonovka’. It accepts a wider variety of apples, produces a larger tree and fruits slightly later than varieties grafted onto M. baccata.
Standard
Reimer
Reimer is a very vigorous, large tree that tolerates wet, dry, alkaline soil or heavy soil, but is moderately susceptible to iron chlorosis.
Standard
Robusta 5
Robusta 5 has a number of limitations. Consider your local authorities to determine if it is right for you.
Vigorous
Rubira
Rubira has good productivity, but it is not cold hardy nor is it tolerant of alkaline soils.
Dwarf
S-1
S-1 is a semi-dwarf quince rootstock for European pears from Poland, developed during WW2.
Dwarf
S-2
S-2 is a semi-dwarf quince rootstock for European pears from Poland.
Dwarf
S-3
S-3 is a cold hardy semi-dwarf quince rootstock for European pears from Poland.
Vigorous
Saint Lucie 64
This is the best rootstock for semi-arid areas as characterized by high evaporative demand and low water availability for irrigation along with good fruit size.
Standard
Shilo
TM
Shilo induces slightly earlier fruiting of sweet cherry scions compared to ‘Mahaleb’ seedling. It also exhibits low root and trunk sucker production.
Semi-vigorous
Siberian C
Siberian C is a cold-hardy semi-vigorous peach rootstock developed in Canada.
Dwarf
SJM 127
SJM 127 is highly susceptible to two races of Fire Blight and to four races of Phytophthora compared with M.26 and O.3.
Dwarf
SJM 15
SJM15 is the most susceptible of the ‘SJM’ series to Phytophthora cactorum, but is the most precocious of the SJM series.
Dwarf
SJM 150
SJM 15 is the most susceptible of the ‘SJM’ series to Phytophthora cactorum and is the most precocious of rhe SJM series.
Dwarf
SJM 167
SJM 167 has low to moderate susceptibility to Phytophthora cactorum.
Dwarf
SJM 188
SJM 188 rootstock has wavy trunk growth that may require careful staking for some time until the trunk is well established.
Dwarf
SJM 189
SJM 189 is the least susceptible of the SJM series rootstocks to Phytophthora cactorum.
Dwarf
SJM 44
SJM 44 is considered more cold hardy than M.9.
Dwarf
SJP 84-5162
The SJP series were selected for resistance to to Powdery Mildew, Apple Scab, Woolly Apple Aphid and have no incompatibility problems.
Semi-vigorous
St. Julien A
St. Julien A is compatible with all varieties of plums, peaches, nectarines and most apricots. Some say it is not a choice rootstock for apricots. Semi-dwarf rootstock for cold areas with fluctuating spring temperatures.
Vigorous
Stallion
Stallion is resistant to Bacterial Canker and Phytophthora. It has a wide range of soil adaptability including heavy wet soils with good anchorage.
Vigorous
Stockton Morello
The root system of the mature ‘Stockton Morello’ is in general more like that of the ‘Mazzard’ than the ‘Mahaleb’ including its water tolerance.
Semi-dwarf
Supporter 4
TM
Because of Supporter 4's variable performance in various trials, local authorities should be consulted to determine its value in your area.
Semi-dwarf
Tabel-Edabriz
TM
‘Tabel Edabriz’ is a dwarfing clonal rootstock of Prunus cerasus from Iran used for sweet cherries. Production starts very early, with the first fruit in the 3rd year and full production by the 7th year.
Semi-dwarf
Torinel
®
Torinel is a semi-vigorous rootstock for plums and apricots, derived from the Reine Claude de Bavay plum cultivar.
Dwarf
V.3
V.3 dwarf rootstock is similar to M.9-T337 and M.9 Fleuren 56, but with slightly less fruit size.
Dwarf
V.5
V.5 dwarf rootstock began NC-140 regional trials in 2014.
Dwarf
V.6
V.6 is equal to or slightly smaller than ‘M.9 EMLA’. It is moderately resistant to Fire Blight.
Semi-dwarf
Victor
®
The original plant was a selection of Prunus cerasus, native to Tibet, whose seeds were imported from that region in 1990 by Dr. Giuseppe Battistini.
Standard
Viking
Viking is a standard-class rootstock for peaches and plums. It is a complex hybrid of several Prunus species.
Standard
Virginia Crab
Virginia Crab can be used as a rootstock and in bridge grafting. Its an old source of apples for cider.
Semi-dwarf
Wavit
®
Wavit is a semi-dwarfing rootstock for plums, damsons, apricots and peaches. It is a clonal selection of a European plum variety - Wagenheim.
Semi-vigorous
Weigi 1
®
In German trials, Weigi 1 had about the same vigor as ‘Gisela® 6’. It is adaptable to hot and dry climates with high yield.
Semi-dwarf
Weigi 2
®
Weigi 2 has a weeping plant habit with comparable vigor on very fertile soils to ‘Gisela® 5’. It is the smallest of this series.
Semi-vigorous
Weigi 3
®
Weigi 3 yields larger fruit with good anchorage and a smooth graft union. It seems adaptable to higher pH soils, but is not for high density planting.
Semi-vigorous
Weiroot 10
®
Weiroot 10 is a viable alternative to traditional vigorous rootstocks as it induces better and earlier cropping and better fruit quality with optimum yield efficiency. It fits best with medium density orchards.
Semi-vigorous
Weiroot 13
®
Weiroot 13 has high adaptability to different soils and climates, even non-optimum ones; needs irrigation. It is moderately vigorous.
Semi-dwarf
Weiroot 154
®
Weiroot 154 does best on good soils. No support is necessary. It has moderate vigor. It is sensitive to Prune Dwarf Virus and Prunus Necrotic Ringspot Virus.
Semi-dwarf
Weiroot 158
®
Weiroot 158 is the most popular ‘Weiroot®’ stock in Germany. It exhibits good precocity, although somewhat less than ‘Gisela® 5’.
Dwarf
Weiroot 53
®
This rootstock should only be grown in good soils to prevent growth problems. Properly managed, this rootstock can provide high early yields with good fruit size.
Dwarf
Weiroot 72
®
This rootstock requires excellent soil and optimum tree nutrition and water management to maintain fruit quality.
Dwarf
Weiroot 720
®
Preliminary reports indicate good productivity and fruit size with Weiroot 720.
Standard
Winter Nelis
The Winter Nelis pear is sometimes used as a standard rootstock for other European pears.