Rootstocks

Rootstocks list

• Semi-vigorous

  Adaptabil

  Adaptabil is a semi-vigorous rootstock, compatible with apricots, peaches, and most plums.
• Standard

  Adara

  Adara is often used as an interstem in sweet cherries in Spain to overcome incompatibility problems. It also performs well in calcareous soil.
• Semi-dwarf

  Alnarp 2

  A trial rootstock comparison planting in 1939, using ‘M.9 EMLA’, ‘M.4 EMLA’ and ‘M.13 EMLA’, showed after 10 years that all varieties on ‘Alnarp 2’ were larger than on any of the Malling stocks.
• Standard

  Anis

  Malus anis is a northern European introduction. It is said to be the preferred rootstock in Finland.
• Standard

  Antonovka

  Antonovka is a rootstock that can be produced from seed. It is cold hardy as far north as Alaska. The tree has been known to live up to 100 years.
• Semi-vigorous

  Apricor

  Apricor is a semi-vigorous rootstock, primarily for apricots, developed from a Myrobalan seedling.
• Semi-dwarf

  AR 86–1–20

  AR 86-1-20’ has similar vigor and performance to ‘MM.106’, but with the additional advantage of much improved resistance to Collar Rot disease.
• Standard

  Atlas®

  Atlas is a very vigorous standard rootstock for peaches.
• Semi-dwarf

  BA-29C

  A semi-vigorous precocious high-yielding quince rootstock, compatible with many but not all European pears, derived from a Provence quince.
• Vigorous

  Bailey

  Bailey is a traditional standard rootstock for peaches, originating from Iowa in the 1890s.
• Standard

  BB 106TM

  BB 106 is compatible with almond, peach, European and Japanese plum and apricot. It entered almond trials in 2004.
• Semi-vigorous

  Beautiful Arcade

  Beautiful Arcade tree are about 80% of standard. If one is willing to deal with the height and vigor, it can be a good rootstock and was once used extensively in Nova Scotia.
• Semi-dwarf

  Bemali

  Bemali is moderately resistant to Fire Blight and appears well anchored. It is hardier than ‘M.9’.
• Standard

  Bittenfelder

  Bittenfelder is vigorous and compatible with many cultivars. It produces uniform stands.
• Semi-vigorous

  BM 2000

  BM 2000 is described as having reduced vigor compared to D6 with both Williams and Packham scions.
• Vigorous

  Bogdany

  Bogdany is a selection within Mahaleb for sweet cherries. Needs to be checked for cultivar compatibility.
• Standard

  Borowinka

  Better than ‘Antonovka’ in wet soils. It is hardy to Zone 3.
• Semi-vigorous

  BP1

  BP 1 is a semi dwarfing rootstock recommended for vigorous and bi-color cultivars of European pears as well as Asian pears. It has no known compatibility issues.
• Vigorous

  BP2

  With BP 2 avoid wet soils. It is susceptible to Phytophthora and Pseudomonas and less productive than ‘BP 1’ or ‘BP 3’.
• Standard

  BP3

  . In Australia, ‘BP 3’ proved more vigorous than the standard seedling rootstock There, it is precocious with high production, wide adaptation, and works well on low potential soils. It tolerates both cold and warm climates.
• Standard

  Bright's Hybrid #5

  Bright's Hybrid #5 is a peach x almond standard rootstock, suitable for producing full size peach and almond trees.
• Standard

  Brompton

  Brompton or Myrobalan B is a Prunus cerasifera clone used as a very vigorous rootstock for plum, peach, and apricot, developed at East Malling Research Station in the 1920s.
• Dwarf

  Bud 10

  B.10 rootstock compares favorably to G.935 and M.9-T337 in British Columbia, Canada trials. It also had fewer root suckers than M.9-T337.
• Vigorous

  Bud 118

  B.118 is hardy to -28 degrees F, tolerates cold and wet soils and is moderately productive.
• Dwarf

  Bud 146

  B.146 rootstock was tested in Estonia and found to be more cold hardy there than M.9. It is a vigorous grower in the right conditions.
• Semi-dwarf

  Bud 396

  B.396 has had limited trials, but shows resistance to Fire Blight and good yield efficiency.
• Very-dwarf

  Bud 469

  An extremely dwarfing cold-hardy rootstock in the M27 class, mainly used as an interstem.
• Very-dwarf

  Bud 491

  ‘B.491’ was evaluated in the NC-140 1994 rootstock trial at 18 locations with the scion cultivar ‘Gala’. At most locations tree survival was good and was only 30%-50% as large as ‘B.9’ and yield efficiency was often slightly lower than trees on ‘B.9’.” 32
• Dwarf

  Bud 9

  Bud.9 induces early fruiting and is compatible with most cultivars, needs well drained soils, grows a dense, heavy flowered tree, and has high yield efficiency. B.9 works well in high density planting.
• Semi-vigorous

  CAB-11E

  In a Hungarian high-density planting trial in a hot, dry, low precipitation climate, ‘CAB-11E’ was very productive, had moderate vigor and size, had good yield efficiency, good fruit size and a tendency to a more spreading canopy.
• Semi-vigorous

  CAB-6P

  CAB-6P is particularly recommended for use in heavy soil. It has good anchorage, is cold hardy and is extremely resistant to drought.
• Standard

  Cadaman®

  Cadaman is compatible with all varieties of peaches, nectarines, plums and some almonds.It displays earlier maturity, mainly in precocious varieties.It tends to larger fruit size with better color.
• Standard

  Cadaman®

  Cadaman tends to larger fruit size and better color with a high yield efficiency, better than ‘Nemaguard’ and ‘Lovell’. It has moderate to good anchorage, depending on soil type.
• Semi-vigorous

  Citation®

  Citation is a semi-vigorous hybrid rootstock, compatible with apricot and plum, and possibly peaches.
• Semi-dwarf

  CIVP 21

  CIVP 21 is in the M.9 to M.26 height range. It is a very rapid grower in the first two years after planting and favors the sprouting of many lateral branches with an open angle that need not be bent. Production begins very soon.
• Vigorous

  Colt

  Colt was one of the first dwarfing rootstocks for sweet cherries, up to 25% less vigorous than Mazzard.
• Standard

  Columbia Crab

  Columbia crab is somewhat susceptible to crown rot. It can be used as an interstem and in bridge grafting.
• Semi-vigorous

  Compact MahalebTM

  Compact Mahaleb is productive, has better uniformity than ‘Mahaleb’ seedling and induces slightly earlier fruiting of sweet cherry scions compared to Mahaleb seedling.
• Vigorous

  Compass

  Compass has some resistance to Bacterial Canker and Root Knot Nematode.
• Semi-vigorous

  Controller 5®

  Controller 5 is semi-dwarf, precocious and has good anchorage.
• Semi-vigorous

  Controller 6®

  Controller 6 causes a substantial reduction in tree size without reducing fruit size. It is compatible with peach and nectarine. It is productive and has fewer root suckers than Nemaguard.
• Semi-vigorous

  Controller 7®

  Contoller 7 offers modest size-control and trees have excellent production characteristics.
• Semi-vigorous

  Controller 8®

  Controller 8 is compatible with peach and nectarine. It has good anchorage and requires less pruning than Nemaguard.
• Vigorous

  Controller 9®

  Conroller 9 is slightly less vigorous than ‘Nemaguard’, but with less water sprouts. It has unknown tolerance to waterlogging, calcareous soils and drought, good anchorage and is precocious, but not cold hardy.
• Vigorous

  Controller 9.5®

  Controller 9.5 has resistance to Root Knot Nematode similar to ‘Nemaguard’ and more resistant than ‘Lovell’.
• Standard

  CornerstoneTM

  Cornerstone is compatible with almonds, but its compatibility with all peaches and nectarines is to be determined.
• Dwarf

  CQ 132

  CQ 132 is a quince rootstock for European pears, similar to Quince C.
• Dwarf

  CQ 134

  CQ 134 is a quince rootstock for European pears, similar to Quince C.
• Semi-vigorous

  Crataegus monogyna

  Crataegus monogyna, a species of hawthorn, can be used as a semi-vigorous rootstock for Medlar trees.
• Vigorous

  D6

  D6 is a common rootstock in Australia that is vigorous and crops heavily producing large, high quality fruit, but it is slower to bear, especially if pruned hard in the early years.
• Semi-vigorous

  Damas

  Damas 1869 is compatible with peach and nectarine. It has good anchorage, productivity, and smaller fruit size. It may intensify color and is frost hardy.
• Semi-vigorous

  Damil®

  ‘Damil®’ was developed for higher density orchards. ‘Damil®’ has been successfully grafted with more than 160 varieties.
• Standard

  Dolgo

  Malus dolgo is resistant to Fire Blight and shows immunity to Apple Scab.
• Standard

  Domestica

  Domestica is slow to bear, is disease susceptible and grows up to 40 feet.
• Standard

  Empyrean 1

  Empyrean is larger than Lovell. It works best with almonds, is compatible with peach and nectarine, some plums and some apricots.
• Semi-vigorous

  Ergevar

  ‘Egervar’ is compatible with sweet and sour cherries. ‘Egervar’ is propagated by leafy cuttings. This un-grafted ‘Mahaleb’ selection is a spur-type with medium growth vigor, precocious and productive.
• Dwarf

  Fleuren 56

  M.9 Fleuren 56 is one of the less vigorous M.9 clones.
• Standard

  Flordaguard

  Flordaguard is a standard peach rootstock, recommended for low-chill climates, compatible with peach and plum.
• Semi-vigorous

  Fox 11

  Fox 11 needs staking in early years until well established. Once established, it has good anchorage with good productivity.
• Semi-vigorous

  Fox 16

  Fox 16 imparts vigor that is slightly greater than Quince BA-29C and has drought tolerance. Fox 16 is less tolerant of high soil alkalinity than Fox 11.
• Semi-vigorous

  Fox 9

  In Italian trials in 2002 and 2004, Fox 9 showed a slightly higher vigor and yield performance compared to Quince BA-29C with good fruit quality.
• Dwarf

  G.11

  G.11 Is vigorous, early bearing, very productive and precocious. It has good fruit size. It is one of the early introductions from the Cornell University/USDA program.
• Dwarf

  G.16

  When grafting this rootstock, be sure to use clean scion wood as G.16 is very susceptible latent apple viruses. It does exhibit resistance to Crown Rot.
• Semi-dwarf

  G.202

  ‘G.202’ is a semi-dwarfing rootstock that produces a tree slightly larger than ‘M.26’, but is not as productive as ‘G.935’. It tolerates most soils.
• Semi-dwarf

  G.210

  G.210 is intended to be used with processing or weak scion cultivars. It has a good resistance package.
• Dwarf

  G.214

  G.214 grows a flatter and more spreading tree with good resistance levels to common pests and diseases.
• Semi-dwarf

  G.222

  G.222 rootstock is similar to M.9 in productivity, in vigor to M.7 but with greater precocity and productivity.
• Semi-dwarf

  G.30

  G.30 is moderately productive, can be thorny and is suscecptible to the common latent viruses.
• Dwarf

  G.41

  G.41 is a good rootstock for less vigorous apple varieties, but does need support. In trials in British Columbia, Canada, it had fewer root suckers than M.9.
• Very-dwarf

  G.65

  G.65 is a good choice for container gardening. It is early bearing, productive and moderately resistant to Fireblight.
• Semi-dwarf

  G.890

  G.890 is M.7’ size with vigor between ‘M.7’ and ‘MM.106’ and with higher and earlier production.
• Semi-dwarf

  G.935

  It is apparent that with ‘G.935’, fruit size is a function of fruit numbers, but when the appropriate fruit-to-leaf relationship is established, fruit size on ‘G.935’ is similar to reasonably cropped ‘M.9’ clones.
• Semi-dwarf

  G.969

  Trials with G.969 rootstock indicate that it is somewhat larger on the east coast of the United Staes than on the west coast. It is resistant to a variety of pests and diseases.
• Semi-vigorous

  GF-305

  GF-305 is not cold hardy, it is Intolerant of alkaline soils, but has fair tolerance to heavy, wet soils.
• Semi-vigorous

  GF-655/2

  GF-6552 is compatible with apricot, peach, nectarine and suitable for plum. It has good tolerance to waterlogging and calcareous soil.
• Standard

  GF-677
• Semi-vigorous

  Gisela 12®

  ‘Gisela® 12’ tree structure is open, spreading and stocky with flat branch angles. ‘Gisela® 12’ has wide soil adaptability, does well on heavy soils and has slight tolerance to wet soil.
• Semi-dwarf

  Gisela 3®

  Gisela 3 is compatible with sweet and sour cherries. This rootstock promotes vigorous growth the first year or two and then slows once fruiting starts.
• Semi-dwarf

  Gisela 5®

  ‘Gisela® 5’ produces a tree about 3m tall after five years or so; roughly equivalent to the apple ‘M.26’ rootstock. ‘Gisela® 5’ produces trees that are open and spreading with wide branch angles, but branching may be sparse.
• Semi-dwarf

  Gisela 7®

  ‘Gisela® 7’ bears heavily and is well anchored, but support is suggested. Hypersensitive to PNRSV and PDV.
• Semi-vigorous

  Gisela® 6®

  'Gisela® 6’ has medium-high vigor and produces a slightly larger tree than ‘Gisela® 5’, Trees are open and spreading with good branching. Although it prefers fertile soil, it is much less fussy than ‘Gisela® 5’ about soil conditions, even heavy soils; but good drainage is essential.
• Standard

  Guardian

  Guardian is a popular standard rootstock for peaches, the first with resistance to PTSL.
• Standard

  Halford

  Halford is a traditional standard peach rootstock, in use since the 1920s in California.
• Semi-vigorous

  Hansen 2168

  Hansen 2168 is deep rooted. It is a product of the University of Califormia Davis Plant Breeding Center.
• Standard

  Hansen 536

  Hansen 536 is a hybrid peach-almond standard rootstock. Best suited to low-chill climates.
• Vigorous

  Hiawatha

  Hiawatha is compatible with peach. It was bred in South Dakota to tolerate the prairie states’ winters.
• Standard

  Hibernal

  Hibernal needs support otherwise branches can split longitudinally and trunks split as well.
• Standard

  Higama

  Higama is productive, has fair tolerance to heavy, wet soils, but is intolerant of alkaline soils nor is it cold hardy.
• Semi-vigorous

  Horner 10

  In Oregon trials, Horner 10 produced good yields and fruit size compared with OHxF 97.
• Vigorous

  Horner 4

  Horner 4 is a vigorous rootstock that produces large fruit.
• Semi-vigorous

  Ishtara®

  Ishtara is compatible with peach, plum. almond and nectarine. Young trees need to be supported.
• Semi-vigorous

  JaspiTM

  Jaspi is a semi-vigorous rootstock for European and Japanese plums and apricots, quite similar to St. Julien A
• Dwarf

  JM-1

  JM-1 rootstock shows resistance to some viruses and has similar precocity to M.9EMLA.
• Very-dwarf

  JM-5

  JM-5 rootstock showed a cumaltive yield that was higher than M.9EMLA or M.26EMLA in trials, but needs more testing.
• Dwarf

  JM-7

  JM-7 in trials in Japan had similar precocity to M.9EMLA and showed resistance to some viruses.
• Dwarf

  JM-8

  JM-8 on 'Fuji' had similar precocity to M.9EMLA.
• Semi-dwarf

  Jork 9

  Jork 9 rootstock exhibits a tree with good branching and fruiting. It is less vigorous than M.9.
• Dwarf

  J-TE-E

  J-TE-E is easier to propagate than M.9 with similar vigor.
• Dwarf

  J-TE-F

  J-TE-F is a problematic rootstock. It needs irrigation, has abundant suckers and is not easily propagated.
• Very-dwarf

  J-TE-G

  J-TE-G showed well in trials in British Columbia, Canada and is easily propagated.
• Dwarf

  J-TE-H

  After 5 years in the 2003 NC-140 trials, trees on ‘J-TE-H’ had excellent survival, were slightly larger than trees on ‘M.26 EMLA’,
• Semi-vigorous

  Julior

  Julior induces vigor and pruning weights equal to ‘Myrobalan 29C’ with excellent anchorage. It flowers late with high production, but is not cold hardy.
• Standard

  Kirchensaller

  Kirchensaller is a clonal selection of Pyrus communis, compatible with all European pears. Mature trees on Kirchensaller can produce a ton of fruit, and are very long-lived.
• Semi-dwarf

  Krymsk 1®

  A popular modern semi-dwarf rootstock, compatible with many apricot, peach and nectarine varieties, as well as Japanese plums, European plums, damson, and mirabelles.
• Semi-vigorous

  Krymsk 5®

  Krymsk 5 is compatible with both sweet and sour cherries. The tree has wide branch angles and a smooth graft union. ‘Krymsk® 5’ is adapted to a wide range of soil types, with reports showing it will grow well in heavier soils than ‘Mazzard’. Well adapted to cold climates. Fruit sizes well.
• Semi-vigorous

  Krymsk 6®

  Krymsk 6 has wide crotch angles, a smooth graft union and an improved root system. It is precocious with high yield. It works well with low productive varieties with proper management.
• Semi-vigorous

  Krymsk 7®

  Krymsk 7 grows quickly in hotter climates with the first harvest in the 3rd or 4th year with good fruit size and firmness.
• Vigorous

  Krymsk 86®

  Krymsk 86 is a vigorous rootstock compatible with most stone fruits, including almonds, peaches, plums (Japanese and European), nectarines and apricots.
• Standard

  KV 010-123

  KV 010-123 has good compatibility with peach and nectarine with standard vigor. It is cold hardy, but still in trials.
• Standard

  KV 010-127

  KV 010-127 has good compatibility with peach and nectarine with standard vigor. It is slightly dwarfing with good fruit size. It is still in trials.
• Standard

  Lovell

  Lovell is the traditional benchmark rootstock for peaches and plums, and also compatible with almonds and apricots. It was introduced in California in the 1890s.
• Vigorous

  M11

  M.11 is less hardy than ‘Antonovka’, ‘Hibernal’, and ‘Robusta 5’.
• Semi-dwarf

  M116

  M.116 rootstock has much improved resistance to Collar Rot than MM.106, but with the same productivity level.
• Standard

  M12

  M.12 has good anchorage with moderate susceptibility to Fire Blight.
• Standard

  M13

  M.13 has a shallow spreading root system. It grows well where a hardpan soil prevents deep root penetration or where high-water tables prevail for certain periods.
• Vigorous

  M2

  M.2 produces a tree that is strong, crops well and does not have collar rot problems. It is tolerant of poor ground, dry and infertile soil with poor tolerance to waterlogged soil.
• Standard

  M25

  M.25 is best known for its ability to withstand wet and windy conditions. It is a good rootstock for cider apples.
• Standard

  M25 EMLA

  M.25EMLA works well with certain spur-type 'Red Delicious' varieties that tend to runt out (slow down) on domestic seedlings.
• Semi-dwarf

  M26

  M.26 rootstock varies in vigor depending on location. It is not as productive as some of the M.9 clones.
• Semi-dwarf

  M26 EMLA

  M.26EMLA bears early and does not tolerate highly acid soils.
• Very-dwarf

  M27

  M.27EMLA is good for containers and small space gardens. It can be grown on a vertical axe system and is very productive, but needs well drained and fertile soils.
• Vigorous

  M4

  In an Indian rootstock trial, trees on ‘M.4’, ‘MM.106’ and ‘MM.111’ were all about the same size. It is cold tolerant and has been used as an understock for interstem trees in cold climates.
• Vigorous

  M40

  M40 is compatible with many prunes, apricots and Japanese plums. Its almond compatibility is similar to ‘Marianna 26-24’ and is incompatible with peaches, nectarines and some almond varieties.
• Semi-dwarf

  M7

  M.7 is a freestanding tree if planted in deep, well-drained soils. It is not compatible with modern high-density planting systems.
• Semi-dwarf

  M7 EMLA

  M.7 EMLA is a freestanding tree if planted in deep, well-drained soils. It is not compatible with modern high-density planting systems.
• Standard

  M793

  M.793 is a hybrid with 'Northern Spy' as one parent. It outperforms 'Northern Spy' rootstock in many categories. It is virus free.
• Dwarf

  M8

  M.8 is smaller than ‘M.9’ but its roots are not as brittle. It needs ssupport and is about as hardy as ‘Alnarp 2’.
• Dwarf

  M9

  Developed at the famous East Malling Research Center in England, M.9 was the first dwarfing apple rootstock and remains the benchmark in this size class.
• Dwarf

  M9 EMLA

  M.9EMLA is approximately 25& to 30% more vigorous than M.9. It works well in high density plantings.
• Dwarf

  M9 Nagano

  M.9 Nagano is recommended for planting in Japan and is slightly smaller than other M.9 clones.
• Dwarf

  M9 Nic29®

  M.9 Nic 29 has a more expansive and less brittle root system leading to greater survival rates of newly planted trees.
• Dwarf

  M9 Pajam 1®

  Pajam 1 has had limited testing in North America. V or Super Slender Spindle growing systems may work best with this rootstock.
• Dwarf

  M9 Pajam2®

  M.9 Pajam2 is 10% more vigorous than M.9. Some growing trials indicate better fruit coloring, size and earlier maturity.
• Dwarf

  M9-T337

  M.9-T337 is the current dominant strain used commercially in the M9 class. It is virus free. Some say that mice like this tree.
• Vigorous

  Magyar

  Magyar is 60% of standard. The yield efficiency on this rootstock is increased by 15%-30% compared to the trees on “Mazzard’.
• Standard

  Mahaleb

  Mahaleb’ is best suited to deep, well-drained loams and sands as well as the calcareous soils typical of Spain and southern Italy.
• Standard

  Malus baccata

  Malus baccata is prone to send up suckers from the base of the trunk and from roots. It is cold hardy to USDA Zone 1.
• Standard

  Malus fusca

  Malus fusca as a rootstock grows very well on wet sites, but produces many suckers.
• Standard

  Malus prunifolia

  Malus prunifolia has been noted as resistant to Fire Blight. It shows immunity to apple scab, and apparently is less attractive to vole predation.
• Vigorous

  Marianna 26-24

  Marianna 26-24 is a vigorous hybrid rootstock, compatible with apricots and plums.
• Vigorous

  Marianna GF 8-1

  Marianna GF 8-1 is a standard rootstock for plums and apricots, developed in France.
• Vigorous

  Maridon

  Maridon is a vigorous rootstock for European and Japanese plums, developed from a Marianna seedling.
• Standard

  MarielleTM
• Dwarf

  Mark

  Mark is similar to M.9-T337 in vigor, slightly larger on heavy soils and drastically smaller on light soils. It is very drought sensitive.
• Semi-vigorous

  Marubakaido

  Marubakaido is adapted to wet summers, cold winters, deep snow falls and typhoon winds. Because of its seedlin gnature, its precociousness is a consideration for anyone considering this tree.
• Standard

  Mazzard

  Growers in the Pacific Northwest have long planted ‘Mazzard’ rootstock. It is well adapted to Pacific Northwest soils and cold hardy to -300F. In addition, due to its high vigor and moderate productivity, premium fruit quality can be obtained with only moderate inputs in pruning and management
• Standard

  Mazzard F12/1

  ‘Mazzard F.12/1’ is compatible with many sweet and sour cherries. It is moderately tolerant of wet ground, but does not tolerate extremely wet ground; moderate to good tolerance of infertile soil and grassed orchards. It can be grown under a wider range of conditions than ‘Mazzard’.
• Semi-dwarf

  MM102

  At one time, MM.102 was a popular rootstock in Tasmania. It is Woolly Apple Aphid resistant with good anchorage.
• Semi-vigorous

  MM106

  MM.106 This well-anchored, drought-tolerant rootstock does well in loam or sandy loam soil. Needs good drainage. Can bear heavily.
• Vigorous

  MM109

  Despite MM.109's tendency to lean, it has been found to tolerate low to medium soil fertility in warmer places such as South Africa.
• Vigorous

  MM111

  In Greece, MM.111 has an advantage over ‘MM.106’ in its resistance to Phytophthora. In South Africa, it is noted for its upright growth and is more drought resistant.
• Vigorous

  MM111 EMLA

  MM.111 is 75 -85% of standard. It is an outstanding choice for spur- type varieties depending on soil conditions.
• Semi-vigorous

  Monrepos

  Monrepos was developed for sweet cherry in Spain and other Mediterranean countries. It is vigorous, has good adaptation to calcareous and heavy soils with high lime content, high productivity, and good anchorage.
• Semi-vigorous

  Montclar®

  Montclar is a semi-vigorous cold-hardy long-lived Prunus persica rootstock for peaches, plums, and almonds, and some apricots.
• Semi-vigorous

  MP-29

  MP-29 is an Oak Root resistant rootstock bred for the Southeast United States.
• Vigorous

  MxM 14®

  MxM® 14’ grows more vigorously in the rich soils of the Pacific Northwest of the United States than in calcareous soils. It does not tolerate wet soils.
• Standard

  MxM 2®

  MxM 2 is moderately precocious. It adapts well to a wide range of soils and is considered the best rootstock for heavy, shallow soils and performs better than ‘Mazzard’ in clay soils.
• Standard

  MxM 60®

  MxM 60 has similar hardiness to ‘Mahaleb’., is more productive than ‘Mazzard’ for sweet cherries. less productive than ‘Mahaleb’ for ‘Montmorency’ (more than ‘Mazzard’).
• Semi-dwarf

  MxM 97®

  In a Hungarian high-density planting trial in a hot, dry, low precipitation climate, on light sandy soils, pH7.7 and 2.5% lime, ‘MxM® 97’ was the smallest tree.
• Semi-vigorous

  Myran

  Observations in Israel indicate Myran has better fruit size and color than varieties grafted on ‘GF-677’ rootstock.
• Vigorous

  Myrobalan

  Myrobalan is Prunus cerasifera seedling which can be used as a standard rootstock for plums.
• Vigorous

  Myrobalan 29C

  29C is a standard rootstock for plums and apricots, selected from a Myrobalan seedling and introduced in the 1920s.
• Semi-vigorous

  Myruni

  Myruni is compatible with plum. Myruni has good fruit size and does not sucker.
• Standard

  Nemaguard

  Nemaguard is the most-widely used and widely compatible standard class rootstock for peaches and almonds, also compatible with with Japanese and European plums, and apricots.
• Standard

  Nemared

  Nemared is compatible with peaches, nectarines, plums, prunes, almonds and apricots. It grows best in well-drained, sandy soils.
• Standard

  Nickels

  Nickels is a standard rootstock for peach, almond, and apricot, derived from Nemaguard.
• Standard

  Northern Spy

  Trees on ‘Northern Spy’ tend to be shallow rooted and will often develop a one-sided root system. It prefers good soil conditions.
• Vigorous

  OHxF 217

  OHxF 217 semi-vigorous with good production and high yield efficiency.
• Semi-vigorous

  OHxF 333

  OHxF 333 tends to produce smaller fruit, but is considered equal to or superior than Quince BA 29C and is similar to BP1.
• Semi-vigorous

  OHxF 40

  In the 2002- 2010 Pacific Northwest Pear Rootstock Trial, OHxF did not perform as well as OHxF 87. However, in Greece, OHxF 40 rootstock appears to be the most suitable of the OHxF series.
• Semi-vigorous

  OHxF 51

  OHxF 51 is the least hardy of this series. It has moderately good production, poor yield efficiency, moderately precocious and good anchorage.
• Semi-vigorous

  OHxF 513

  OHxF 513 is precocious, iron chlorosis tolerant, grows well in most soils and is well anchored.
• Semi-vigorous

  OHxF 69

  OHxF 69 is tolerant of iron chlorosis ans wet soils. It has good anchorage with high vigor; moderately high precocity and yield efficiency.
• Semi-vigorous

  OHxF 87®

  OHxF 87 is one of the best producing rootstocks of the OHxF series and was selected for this reason. It can set fruit early and bear heavily.
• Vigorous

  OHxF 97

  OHxF 97 is a vigorous, semi-dwarfing pear rootstock that works well with vigorous cultivars. It is tolerant of wet soils and iron chlorosis.
• Standard

  Okinawa

  Okinawa is now mostly used as a parent in hybrid rootstocks.
• Dwarf

  Ottawa 3

  Use the ‘O.3’ with weak varieties such as ‘Delicious’, ‘Jonamac’, ‘Empire’, ‘Idared’ and ‘Honeycrisp’ or with weak soils or on replant soils.
• Dwarf

  Ottawa 3A

  Ottawa 3A as compared to ‘O.3’; shows increased precocity, higher cumulative yield efficiency, and wider branch angles.
• Dwarf

  Ottawa 8

  Ottawa 8 is moderately susceptible to Woolly Apple Aphid. Ottawa 8 is still undergoing trials.
• Very-dwarf

  P.16

  P.16 rootstock is smaller than M.9 but with less brittle roots. It also works as an interstem.
• Vigorous

  P.18

  Early observation may indicate that P.18 will out perform MM.111 in wet or heavier soils.
• Very-dwarf

  P.2

  The P-2 rootstock shows resistance to European canker, perennial canker and silver leaf, but is variable in disease and pest susceptibility.
• Very-dwarf

  P.22

  The major benefit of P.22 may be as an interstem piece or for home gardeners looking for very small trees.
• Semi-vigorous

  PerformerTM

  Performer induces slightly earlier fruiting of sweet cherry scions compared to ‘Mahaleb’ seedling. It has good productivity, increased yield efficiency, precocity, and earlier high yields with ‘Bing’. It's fruit size is comparable or greater than standard ‘Mahaleb’.
• Semi-vigorous

  P-HL-A®

  P-HL-A Induces very early fruiting and high yields. It is suitable for higher density orchards and slender spindle systems. Anchorage is poor, so trees must be supported. The life cycle of the orchard is 20 to 25 years.
• Vigorous

  P-HL-B®

  P-HL-B induces very early fruiting and high yields. Anchorage is very good and the life cycle of the orchard is 25 to 30 years.
• Semi-dwarf

  P-HL-C®

  P-HL-C requires careful irrigation, soil and canopy management to maintain constant, high yields. It induces early fruiting with a high yield efficiency and good fruit quality.
• Semi-vigorous

  PIKU 1®

  Recommended in Italy for semi- dwarfing rootstocks. Induces earlier fruiting of sweet cherry scions compared to ‘Mazzard’ with good, consistent cropping thereafter.
• Vigorous

  PIKU 3®

  The most important advantages of this vigorous rootstock are regularly high yields over many years. It is well-anchored, with a few suckers.
• Semi-vigorous

  PIKU 4®

  PIKU 4 induces earlier fruiting of sweet cherry scions compared to ‘Mazzard’ with very good productivity.
• Semi-dwarf

  Pixy

  Pixy is a plum rootstock that requires support for the first four to five years. It can be grown as a hedge.
• Semi-dwarf

  Plumina®

  Plumina is a semi-dwarf hybrid plum rootstock, compatible with European plums.
• Semi-dwarf

  Pumiselect

  Pumiselect is a semi-dwarf rootstock compatible with peach, apricot, and some plums.
• Dwarf

  Pure 1

  Pure 1 is a red leafed, open pollinated selection from B.9. It performs similarly to B.9 and M.9.
• Semi-dwarf

  Pyriam

  Pyriam is a clonal rootstock developed through open pollination of the Old Home pear variety.
• Semi-vigorous

  Pyro 2-33

  Pyro 2-33 is a semi-vigorous rootstock for European pears.
• Semi-vigorous

  Pyrodwarf

  Pyrodwarf is a popular vigorous rootstock developed from Old Home x Louise Bonne pear varieties.
• Standard

  Pyrus betulifolia

  Pyrus betufolia rootstock is tolerant of a wide range of soil conditions, including wet and dry. It shows very good compatibility. It is sensitive to lime induced chlorosis.
• Standard

  Pyrus calleryana

  Pyrus calleryana is a very vigorous, large tree that tolerates wet and dry soil, alkaline soil and heavy soil, but is moderately susceptible to iron chlorosis.
• Standard

  Pyrus communis

  Pyrus communis Bartlett produces a well anchored, full sized tree. It is less vigorous than Winter Nelis and has variable productivity.
• Standard

  Pyrus pyrifolia

  Pyrus pyrifolia is likely subject to Pear Decline, Black End, and is moderately resistant to Fire Blight.
• Standard

  Pyrus ussuriensis

  Pyrus ussuriensis is compatible with Asian Pears. The growth habit is rounded and dense. Sensitive to both excessive and deficient soil moisture.
• Semi-dwarf

  Quince A

  Derived from the Angers quince, Quince A is one of the first semi-dwarf rootstocks available for pears, developed at East Malling Research Station.
• Semi-dwarf

  Quince Adams

  Derived from the Angers quince, Quince Adams has better compatibility with European pears than Quince A.
• Dwarf

  Quince C

  One of the most widely used dwarfing rootstocks for European pears, Quince C was developed at the East Malling Research Station, and is the benchmark for its size class.
• Dwarf

  Quince Eline

  Quince Eline is a dwarf rootstock for European pears, similar to Quince C but more productive.
• Dwarf

  Quince H

  Quince H is a dwarf rootstock which improves over Quince C in many respects.
• Dwarf

  Quince SydoTM

  Quince Sydo is a clone of the Angers quince, widely used in Europe.
• Standard

  Ranetka crab

  Malus ranetka is not quite as hardy as M. baccata, but hardier than ‘Antonovka’. It accepts a wider variety of apples, produces a larger tree and fruits slightly later than varieties grafted onto M. baccata.
• Standard

  Reimer

  Reimer is a very vigorous, large tree that tolerates wet, dry, alkaline soil or heavy soil, but is moderately susceptible to iron chlorosis.
• Standard

  Robusta 5

  Robusta 5 has a number of limitations. Consider your local authorities to determine if it is right for you.
• Vigorous

  Rubira

  Rubira has good productivity, but it is not cold hardy nor is it tolerant of alkaline soils.
• Dwarf

  S-1

  S-1 is a semi-dwarf quince rootstock for European pears from Poland, developed during WW2.
• Dwarf

  S-2

  S-2 is a semi-dwarf quince rootstock for European pears from Poland.
• Dwarf

  S-3

  S-3 is a cold hardy semi-dwarf quince rootstock for European pears from Poland.
• Vigorous

  Saint Lucie 64

  This is the best rootstock for semi-arid areas as characterized by high evaporative demand and low water availability for irrigation along with good fruit size.
• Standard

  ShiloTM

  Shilo induces slightly earlier fruiting of sweet cherry scions compared to ‘Mahaleb’ seedling. It also exhibits low root and trunk sucker production.
• Semi-vigorous

  Siberian C

  Siberian C is a cold-hardy semi-vigorous peach rootstock developed in Canada.
• Dwarf

  SJM 127

  SJM 127 is highly susceptible to two races of Fire Blight and to four races of Phytophthora compared with M.26 and O.3.
• Dwarf

  SJM 15

  SJM15 is the most susceptible of the ‘SJM’ series to Phytophthora cactorum, but is the most precocious of the SJM series.
• Dwarf

  SJM 150

  SJM 15 is the most susceptible of the ‘SJM’ series to Phytophthora cactorum and is the most precocious of rhe SJM series.
• Dwarf

  SJM 167

  SJM 167 has low to moderate susceptibility to Phytophthora cactorum.
• Dwarf

  SJM 188

  SJM 188 rootstock has wavy trunk growth that may require careful staking for some time until the trunk is well established.
• Dwarf

  SJM 189

  SJM 189 is the least susceptible of the SJM series rootstocks to Phytophthora cactorum.
• Dwarf

  SJM 44

  SJM 44 is considered more cold hardy than M.9.
• Dwarf

  SJP 84-5162

  The SJP series were selected for resistance to to Powdery Mildew, Apple Scab, Woolly Apple Aphid and have no incompatibility problems.
• Semi-vigorous

  St. Julien A

  St. Julien A is compatible with all varieties of plums, peaches, nectarines and most apricots. Some say it is not a choice rootstock for apricots. Semi-dwarf rootstock for cold areas with fluctuating spring temperatures.
• Vigorous

  Stallion

  Stallion is resistant to Bacterial Canker and Phytophthora. It has a wide range of soil adaptability including heavy wet soils with good anchorage.
• Vigorous

  Stockton Morello

  The root system of the mature ‘Stockton Morello’ is in general more like that of the ‘Mazzard’ than the ‘Mahaleb’ including its water tolerance.
• Semi-dwarf

  Supporter 4TM

  Because of Supporter 4's variable performance in various trials, local authorities should be consulted to determine its value in your area.
• Semi-dwarf

  Tabel-EdabrizTM

  ‘Tabel Edabriz’ is a dwarfing clonal rootstock of Prunus cerasus from Iran used for sweet cherries. Production starts very early, with the first fruit in the 3rd year and full production by the 7th year.
• Semi-dwarf

  Torinel®

  Torinel is a semi-vigorous rootstock for plums and apricots, derived from the Reine Claude de Bavay plum cultivar.
• Dwarf

  V.3

  V.3 dwarf rootstock is similar to M.9-T337 and M.9 Fleuren 56, but with slightly less fruit size.
• Dwarf

  V.5

  V.5 dwarf rootstock began NC-140 regional trials in 2014.
• Dwarf

  V.6

  V.6 is equal to or slightly smaller than ‘M.9 EMLA’. It is moderately resistant to Fire Blight.
• Semi-dwarf

  Victor®

  The original plant was a selection of Prunus cerasus, native to Tibet, whose seeds were imported from that region in 1990 by Dr. Giuseppe Battistini.
• Standard

  Viking

  Viking is a standard-class rootstock for peaches and plums. It is a complex hybrid of several Prunus species.
• Standard

  Virginia Crab

  Virginia Crab can be used as a rootstock and in bridge grafting. Its an old source of apples for cider.
• Semi-dwarf

  Wavit®

  Wavit is a semi-dwarfing rootstock for plums, damsons, apricots and peaches. It is a clonal selection of a European plum variety - Wagenheim.
• Semi-vigorous

  Weigi 1®

  In German trials, Weigi 1 had about the same vigor as ‘Gisela® 6’. It is adaptable to hot and dry climates with high yield.
• Semi-dwarf

  Weigi 2®

  Weigi 2 has a weeping plant habit with comparable vigor on very fertile soils to ‘Gisela® 5’. It is the smallest of this series.
• Semi-vigorous

  Weigi 3®

  Weigi 3 yields larger fruit with good anchorage and a smooth graft union. It seems adaptable to higher pH soils, but is not for high density planting.
• Semi-vigorous

  Weiroot 10®

  Weiroot 10 is a viable alternative to traditional vigorous rootstocks as it induces better and earlier cropping and better fruit quality with optimum yield efficiency. It fits best with medium density orchards.
• Semi-vigorous

  Weiroot 13®

  Weiroot 13 has high adaptability to different soils and climates, even non-optimum ones; needs irrigation. It is moderately vigorous.
• Semi-dwarf

  Weiroot 154®

  Weiroot 154 does best on good soils. No support is necessary. It has moderate vigor. It is sensitive to Prune Dwarf Virus and Prunus Necrotic Ringspot Virus.
• Semi-dwarf

  Weiroot 158®

  Weiroot 158 is the most popular ‘Weiroot®’ stock in Germany. It exhibits good precocity, although somewhat less than ‘Gisela® 5’.
• Dwarf

  Weiroot 53®

  This rootstock should only be grown in good soils to prevent growth problems. Properly managed, this rootstock can provide high early yields with good fruit size.
• Dwarf

  Weiroot 72®

  This rootstock requires excellent soil and optimum tree nutrition and water management to maintain fruit quality.
• Dwarf

  Weiroot 720®

  Preliminary reports indicate good productivity and fruit size with Weiroot 720.
• Standard

  Winter Nelis

  The Winter Nelis pear is sometimes used as a standard rootstock for other European pears.